#2 Beeswax and Waterproofing: How Does It Work?

Beeswax is not only a natural marvel but also an effective waterproofing agent. Its unique properties make it ideal for protecting fabrics and other materials from water damage. In this blog post, we'll delve into the hydrophobic nature of beeswax, how it creates a waterproof barrier on fabrics, its advantages over synthetic waterproofing agents, and real-life applications of beeswax-coated products.

Hydrophobic Nature of Beeswax

Explanation of Hydrophobicity

Hydrophobicity refers to the tendency of a substance to repel water. Materials with hydrophobic properties do not mix with water and often cause water to bead up and roll off their surfaces. This is due to the nonpolar nature of their molecules, which do not form favorable interactions with water's polar molecules (Israelachvili, 2011).

How Beeswax Repels Water

Beeswax is inherently hydrophobic because of its chemical composition. It consists mainly of long-chain hydrocarbons, esters, and fatty acids (Tulloch, 1980). These molecules are nonpolar, meaning they lack a charge that could attract the polar water molecules. When water comes into contact with beeswax, there is no significant interaction, causing the water to be repelled.

According to Kistler and Schweizer (1997), the hydrophobic effect of beeswax is due to the low surface energy of its components, which minimizes the adhesive forces between the wax surface and water molecules.

Mechanism of Waterproofing Fabrics

How Beeswax Creates a Barrier on Fabrics

When beeswax is applied to fabric, it penetrates the fibers and solidifies upon cooling. This process creates a continuous, water-resistant layer that coats the individual fibers as well as the spaces between them (Johnson & Dettre, 1993).

Steps in the Waterproofing Process:

1. Application: Melted beeswax is evenly applied to the fabric surface.
2. Absorption: The liquid wax seeps into the fabric's fibers due to capillary action.
3. Solidification: As the wax cools, it solidifies, forming a protective layer.
4. Hydrophobic Barrier Formation: The solid wax layer repels water, preventing it from penetrating the fabric.

This barrier is not only on the surface but also integrated within the fabric structure, enhancing durability and longevity (Holme, 2007).

Benefits Over Synthetic Waterproofing Agents

Natural and Non-Toxic:

• Environmental Friendliness: Beeswax is biodegradable and does not release harmful chemicals into the environment, unlike some synthetic waterproofing agents that may contain perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) known for their persistence and toxicity (Kotthoff et al., 2015).
• Safety for Users: It is safe for humans and does not cause skin irritation, making it suitable for clothing and accessories.

Enhanced Breathability:

• Beeswax allows the fabric to maintain some breathability, as it does not completely seal the fabric pores. This contrasts with synthetic coatings that may block airflow, leading to discomfort (Holme, 2007).

Renewable Resource:

• Sustainability: Beeswax is a renewable resource produced by bees, supporting beekeeping and, consequently, pollination and biodiversity (Klein et al., 2007).

Ease of Application and Maintenance:

• Reapplicability: Beeswax coatings can be reapplied as needed without special equipment, prolonging the life of the product.

Real-Life Applications

Beeswax-Coated Products

Clothing:

• Waxed Jackets: Brands like Barbour and Filson have long utilized beeswax in their waxed cotton jackets, prized for their durability and water resistance (Barbour, n.d.).
• Outdoor Gear: Beeswax-treated hats, gloves, and pants are popular among outdoor enthusiasts for their protective qualities.

Accessories:

• Bags and Backpacks: Beeswax coatings are used on canvas bags to protect belongings from moisture.
• Shoelaces and Threads: Beeswax is applied to threads and laces to strengthen them and add water resistance.

Footwear:

• Leather Boots: Beeswax-based polishes and conditioners are used to waterproof and preserve leather footwear (Day & Whiteside, 2015).

Sports Equipment:

• Ski and Snowboard Maintenance: Beeswax is used to treat wooden skis and snowboards, providing a water-resistant layer that also reduces friction (Leontyev et al., 2014).

Case Study: Beeswax in Waxed Canvas Jackets

Waxed canvas jackets have been a staple for sailors, hunters, and outdoor workers for over a century. The use of beeswax in these garments provides a durable and water-resistant outer layer while maintaining flexibility and comfort (Spencer, 2016).

Advantages:

• Weather Resistance: Protects against rain, snow, and wind.
• Longevity: Beeswax-coated fabrics have extended lifespans due to the protective layer.
• Aesthetic Appeal: Develops a unique patina over time, adding character to the garment.

Conclusion

Beeswax is an effective and eco-friendly waterproofing agent due to its hydrophobic nature. Its ability to create a durable barrier on fabrics while offering benefits over synthetic alternatives makes it a valuable resource in various applications. From clothing to accessories, beeswax-coated products continue to be favored for their functionality, sustainability, and timeless appeal.

References

• Barbour. (n.d.). Our History. Retrieved from https://www.barbour.com/us/barbour-history
• Day, R., & Whiteside, S. (2015). Leather Care and Conservation. Journal of the American Institute for Conservation, 54(3), 140-152.
• Holme, I. (2007). Innovative Technologies for High Performance Textiles. Coloration Technology, 123(2), 59-73.
• Israelachvili, J. N. (2011). Intermolecular and Surface Forces (3rd ed.). Academic Press.
• Johnson, R. E., & Dettre, R. H. (1993). Wetting of Low-Energy Surfaces. In Berg, J. C. (Ed.), Wettability (pp. 1-73). CRC Press.
• Klein, A. M., et al. (2007). "Importance of pollinators in changing landscapes for world crops." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 274(1608), 303-313.
• Kotthoff, M., et al. (2015). "Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in consumer products." Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22(19), 14546-14559.
• Leontyev, A., et al. (2014). "Friction and Wear of Ski Base Treated with Natural Waxes." Procedia Engineering, 72, 405-410.
• Spencer, D. J. (2016). Knitting Technology: A Comprehensive Handbook and Practical Guide (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
• Tulloch, A. P. (1980). "Beeswax—Composition and Analysis." Bee World, 61(2), 47-62.